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In classical antiquity, the muscle cuirass,〔Also found as "muscled cuirass" or "muscular cuirass." The contemporary Latin phrase ''lorica musculata'' appears not to be used among scholars, but will be found at reenactment (websites. ) The word ''musculatus'' (nor any verb from which it might derive) does not exist in Classical Latin, according to the ''Oxford Latin Dictionary'', nor in late antiquity, according to the ''Latin Dictionary'' of Lewis and Short, which includes patristic writers of the early Christian era.〕 anatomical cuirass or heroic cuirass is a type of body armor cast to fit the wearer's torso and designed to mimic an idealized human physique. It first appears in late Archaic Greece and became widespread throughout the 5th and 4th centuries BC.〔M. Treister, "The Theme of Amazonomachy in Late Classical Toreutics: On the Phalerae from Bolshaya Bliznitsa," in ''Pontus and the Outside World: Studies in Black Sea History, Historiography, and Archaeology'' (Brill, 2004), p. 205; Charlotte R. Long, ''The Twelve Gods of Greece and Rome'' (Brill, 1987), p. 184.〕 It is commonly depicted in Greek and Roman art, where it is worn by generals, emperors, and deities during periods when soldiers used other types. In Roman sculpture, the muscle cuirass is often highly ornamented with mythological scenes. Archaeological finds of relatively unadorned cuirasses, as well as their depiction by artists in military scenes, indicate that simpler versions were worn in combat situations. The anatomy of muscle cuirasses intended for use might be either realistic or reduced to an abstract design; the fantastically illustrated cuirasses worn by gods and emperors in Roman statues usually incorporate realistic nipples and the navel within the scene depicted. == Use == The cuirasses were cast in two pieces, the front and the back, then hammered. They were a development from the early Archaic bell-shaped cuirass, weighing about 25 pounds.〔Mikhail Y. Treister, ''Hammering Techniques in Greek and Roman Jewellery and Toreutics'' (Brill, 2001), pp. 115–118; Richard A. Gabriel and Karen S. Metz, ''From Sumer to Rome: The Military Capabilities of Ancient Armies'' (Greenwood, 1991), p. 52.〕 Examples from the 5th century BC have been found in the tombs of Thracians, whose cavalrymen wore them.〔Treister, ''Hammering Techniques'', p. 115.〕 The earliest surviving depiction in Greek sculpture seems to be an example on a sculptural warrior's torso found on the acropolis of Athens and dating around 470 – 460 BC. The muscle cuirass is also depicted on Attic red-figure pottery, which dates from around 530 BC and into the late 3rd century BC. From around 475 to 450 BC, the muscle cuirass is shorter, covering less of the abdomen, and more nipped at the waist than in later examples. It was worn over a ''chitoniskos''. In neo-Attic art, the muscle cuirass was worn over a longer chiton.〔Long, ''The Twelve Gods'', p. 184.〕 Tomb II at Vergina contained an iron muscle cuirass that was decorated with embossed gold.〔Treister, ''Hammering Techniques'', p. 118.〕 The Italian muscle cuirass lacked the shoulder-guards found on Greek examples.〔Nicholas Sekunda, ''Republican Roman Army 200–104 BC'' (Osprey Publishing, 1996), p. 46.〕 Examples among the Samnites and Oscans sketch a blockier torso more roughly than the anatomically realistic Greek pieces.〔Nic Fields, ''Roman Battle Tactics 390–110 BC'' (Osprey Publishing, 2010), p. 7 (with images. )〕 Many examples come from graves in Campania,〔Sekunda, ''Republican Roman Army 200–104 BC'', p. 8.〕 Etruria, and elsewhere in southern Italy.〔Treister, "The Theme of Amazonomachy," p. 205.〕 Polybius omits the muscle cuirass in his description of the types of armor worn by the Roman army, but archaeological finds and artistic depictions suggest that it was worn in combat. The monument of Aemilius Paulus at Delphi shows two Roman infantrymen wearing mail shirts alongside three who wear muscle cuirasses.〔Sekunda, ''Republican Roman Army 200–104 BC'', pp. 8 and 46.〕 They were worn mostly by officers, and may have been molded leather as well as metal, with fringed leather ''(pteryges)'' at the armholes and lower edge.〔Pat Southern, ''The Roman Army: A Social and Institutional History'' (Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 157.〕 The muscle cuirass is one of the elements that distinguished a senior officer's "uniform."〔Hugh Elton, "Military Forces," in ''The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare'' (Cambridge University Press, 2007), p. 62.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Muscle cuirass」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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